TYPES AND CATEGORIES
Catford (1989:21) divides
translation into three distinctive types, namely :
1. Full translation v.s Partial translation.
2. Total v.s Restricted translation.
3. Rank of translation
The distinction
between full and partial translation relates on the extent of SL text which is
submitted to the translation process. In a full translation the entire text
submitted to the translation process, that is every part of the SL text is
replaced by TL text material,e.g.
|
In partial translation, However ,
some part of the SL text are left
untranslated. They are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL
text, either because they are regarded as ‘untranstable’ or for the deliberate
urpose of introducing ‘local colour’ into the TL text or even because they are
so common and frequently used that translation is not needed, e.g.
|
Do you notice any important
changewit the words underlined above in the translation ? Hamburger, aids,
UNDP, and UNESCO stay the same graphically yet perhaps tey change
phonologically (pronunciation). But microfilm undergoes both spelling and
pronunciation change (microfilm-mikrofilem). In the same way the Indonesia
‘orang utan’ becomes ‘orang utan’ – a change in both spelling and pronunciation
in English.
The distinction between total and
restricted translation relates to the levels o language involved in translation
SL grammar and lexies. This replacement of SL / phonology by TL phonology/
graphology, e.g.
The
child
|
Has
slept
|
For
|
Three
|
Hours
|
Anak
itu
|
Telah
tidur
|
Selama
|
Tiga
|
Jam
|
Restricted translation at the grammatical
and lexical levels means, respectively, replacement of SL grammar by equivalent
TL grammar, but with no replacement of lexis, and replacement of grammar, e.g.
Replacement of grammar :
1. Anak itu / telah / tidur / selama / tiga
jam.
-
Noun det
/ aux verb / prep / det noun (Indonesia)
-
Det noun
/ aux / prep / det noun (
English )
2. Pemburu tua itu / membunuh / seekor beruang
muda
-
Noun adj
det / verb / det noun adj ( Indonesia )
-
Det adj
noun / / det adj noun ( English
)
Replacement of lexis :
1. Anak itu / telah tidur / selama /tiga jam.
-
Child
that / already / for / three hours.
2. Pemburu tua itu / membunuh / seekor beruang
muda.
-
Hunter
old that / kill/ a bear young.
The third type of differentiation
in translation according to Catford relates to the rank in grannatical
hierarchy at which translation equivalent is established. This rank translation
can be in form of :
-
Word to word translation
-
Group to group translation
-
Sentence to sentence translation
-
Paragraph to paragraph translation
-
Discourse to discourse translation
In this type of translation,
lexical and grammatical adjustment should be applied to achieve equivalent in
terms of meaning. The lexical and grammatical adjustment will be discussed more
deeply in modules three and two respectively.
In his article ‘on linguistic
aspect of translation’,Roman Jacobson distinguishes three types of translation
( Jacobson, 1959 : 234 ):
1.
Intralingual translation or rewording. It is an
interpretation of verbal sigs by means of other signs in the same language,
e.g.
Paragraphrasing.
2.
Interlingual translation or translation proper.
It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language, e.g.
the replacement of SL text into the TL equivalent.
3.
Intersemoitic translation or ranslation. It is
an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs system e.g. from verbal art
into music, dance, cinema or painting. For our purpose ( interlingual
translation ) which describes the process of transfer from SL to TL is in line
with our stated specific objectives and should be discussed more deeply
Savory ( 1969: 20 – 24 ) categories translation proper into four types as follow :
1. Perfect
translation . all purely informative , such as are encountered by the traveler
or used by the advertiser . for example, at some air terminal thre hang notice
boards with the following messges.
IMPORTANT
Please
ensure that your baggage is
Correct
before leaving terminus !
INTENTION
Messieurs
less passengers sont pries verifier
Leurs
bagages Avant de quitter I aerogare !
PERHATIAN
Silakan
memeriksa barang – barang anda
Sebelum
meninggalkan pelabuhan udara !
The three messager are not word for word
identically phrase , but all contain advise of identical meaning . you may
assume that an Englishman, a frechman or Indonesia takes away exactly the same
impression, and that they all usually and unemotional and it is made in plain
words to which no very intense associations are attached.
2.
Adequate translation ( for mere entertainment )
Into this second category fall the very large
number of almost characterless translation made for general reader who may use
them without giving a though to the fact that what he is reading was not
originally written in his own language , for example English pop novels
translated into Indonesian. In the process of translating from English into
Indonesian the translator may omit word, or even whole sentences, which he
finds obscure. He can freely paraphrase the original meaning whenever it suitis
him to do so. There is no reason why this should not be so, as long as the
readers want nothing but the story.
3.
Composite translation, this includes the
translation. This includes the translation of prose, of poetry into prose, and
poetry into poetry. The translator may spend a very long time on his work so
that commercial value of the translation is often neglected. He wouldonly get
the intelellectual pleasure that results from effect.
e.g. laki-laki tua dan laut translated by
sapadi djoko damono from
the old man and the sea by ernest hemingway.
4.
The translated of all learned,scientic and
technical matter.
a)
These translation are made solely because of the
interistic importance of the original work, an importance that is strictly
confined to the practical business of living. For example, R.C punnet’s
mendalism was translated into Javanese only because the Javanese neede to know
the principles of heredity.
b)
The translator shall have a reasonable knowledge
of the science of technique about which the original was written. This will
help the translator maintain accuracy, clearness and preciusion of the
concepts. To translated an English text on the desease you should have medical
background otherwise your translation will be midleding.
We should also include in this fourth
category translation work done solely in the interest of trade. Consumers goods
can be sold in other contries if they can persuasively describe in the language
of the purchaser or at least in English. The work of the translator who perform
this service is seldom publicized, seldom appreciated, and seldom, critized.
Yet they claim that their work demands
accuracy in the choice and precision in the use of words which many other
translator might find to be more than they could endure.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar